Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. It usually begins several years after the onset of diabetes. In the early stages, there are relatively mild retinal changes, the most important of which, regarding visual acuity (VA) affection, is diabetic macular edema (DME). Recently, the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) greatly changed the treatment strategy of this part of diabetic retinopathy, particularly with the development of more advanced laser technologies as micropulse laser and more effective and longer-acting anti-VEGF and steroid intravitreal medications and the advances in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) techniques. In this lecture, I shall  discuss those aspects